Most reviews on sports nutrition tend to praise protein (PRO), carbohydrates (CHO) and fat (FAT) without paying much attention to sodium. So, attention should be paid to this element as well. As such, excessive or very low intake of this ingredient can have adverse effects on the body. Sodium, being an inorganic element, is an essential component in human nutrition. Metals are a group of minerals that cannot be produced by the body. In order to reduce the health and performance effects in endurance athletes, simultaneous emphasis should be placed on both sodium and fluid intake. The search was conducted through the research engines PubMed and Scopus. As a method of data collection, this study focused on exploring literature from 1900–2021. For this reason, it is necessary to create this systematic review, in order to report extensively on the role of sodium consumption in the population and more specifically in endurance and ultra-endurance athletes, the relationship between the amount consumed and the occurrence of pathological disorders, the usefulness of simultaneous hydration and whether a disturbance of this substance leads to EAH and EAMC. Besides, there have been theories that an electrolyte imbalance, specifically sodium, contributes to the development of muscle cramps (EAMC) and hyponatremia (EAH). Sodium intake, both at high and low doses, has been found to be associated with health and performance issues in athletes. Through the literature, it is clear that there are no reviews that focus entirely on the effects of sodium and in particular on endurance sports. The majority of reviews on sports nutrition issues focus on macronutrients, often omitting or paying less attention to substances such as sodium.
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